THE PEAK TRAM HISTORY

The Peak Tram is arguably the most enduring emblem of Hong Kong's unique past. It has seen war, been featured on films and television and played host to numerous dignitaries.

 

 

Planning the First Tram

By 1883 Hong Kong's population had reached 173,475 with some 30-40 families calling the Peak their home. Although the Peak Hotel had opened in 1873 and was attracting an eager clientele, reaching the Peak was wholly dependent on the use of the sedan chair. In May of 1881, the enterprising Scotsman Alexander Findlay Smith devised a plan to speed the development of new residences in the hill districts with the introduction of a new tram system that would connect Murray Barracks to Victoria Gap. In 1882 approval was granted and the Hong Kong High Level Tramways Company was born. With the commencement of service on 30 May 1888, the Peak Tram became the first cable funicular in Asia, extending 1,350 metres and connecting five intermediate stations.

 

 

 

 

The original carriages were made of varnished timber and consisted of open rows of slatted seats at the front and rear, with an enclosed compartment in the centre. The carriage seated 40 passengers in three classes, with the centre compartment reserved for first class travel. Between 1908 and 1949 a brass plaque was affixed to the back of the first two seats which read, "This seat is reserved for His Excellency, the Governor". These seats could not be occupied until two minutes before departure time in the event the Governor might appear unannounced.

 

At that time, a ride in the first-class section up to the Peak cost 30 cents. The charge was 20 cents for second class and 10 cents for third class. The return trip was half the price. The Peak Tram, which was operated by coal-fired steam boilers then, ended up serving 600 passengers on its first day and about 150,000 in its first year.

 

In 1926, an electrically powered system replaced the coal-fired steam boilers. However, following the Japanese occupation of Kowloon on December 11, 1941, the Peak Tram engine room was damaged in an attack. On Christmas Day in 1945, the Peak Tram service resumed but part of a Japanese shell was lodged under the main base plate of the two haulage drums.

 

Hollywood soon came knocking and the Peak Tram was featured in the 1950s movie, Soldier of Fortune, starring Clark Gable. The opening and closing scenes were shot inside the tramcar. The Peak Tram was also included in an episode of the Love Boat.

 

 

A 72-seat, lightweight all-metal tramcar was introduced in 1959 before the Peak Tram began service in its present form in 1989 following a HK$60-million overhaul to upgrade it to a microprocessor-controlled electric drive system. Governor Sir David Wilson officiated at the reopening on September 20, 1989.

 

Commemorative stamps were issued by the General Post Office to mark the Peak Tram's centenary anniversary in May 1988.

 

From its earliest days of operation, the Peak Tram has been the focus of artists and photographers who have tried to capture its spirit while simultaneously documenting its service. From amateur shots meant to preserve a personal memory, to professionally prepared views intended for commercial sale, the Peak Tram has proven itself a particularly compelling subject. The early years of operation seem to have produced the most varied scenes, with shots taken not only at both the upper and lower stations, but also at many points along the way. These views were reproduced by a small number of Hong Kong printing companies as black and white postcards which were then hand-coloured to enhance their beauty. From all evidence they were highly popular, with elegantly handwritten notes sent around the world commenting on the remarkable views and surprisingly efficient and comfortable service.

 

By the end of the Second World War, photographers seemed less enthralled with the tram as subject matter. Perhaps its novelty was wearing thin in the face of new advances in transportation, or was overshadowed by Hong Kong's rapidly changing skyline. Cards from the late 1960s and 1970s focussed more on the newly built Peak Tower and the panoramic vistas that some visitors claimed yielded views as distant as Macau.

 

Throughout its long history, the Peak Tram has remained one of the most visited and photographed sights in Hong Kong by offering not only an enviable view, but also a quiet respite from the city below.

 

FIVE GENERATIONS OF PEAK TRAM

 

 

 

PEAK TRAM TECHNICAL INFORMATION

 

• 
• 

 

Ever since the opening in 1888, the Peak Tram has undergone various phases of modernisation, evolving from coal-fired steam boilers to today's computer-controlled electric drive system.

 

The Peak Tram, a double reversible funicular system, still runs along its original alignment, but this has been upgraded and raised over the years, most notably to allow greater headroom for Kennedy Road passing below. In 2022, it has also undergone a complete modernisation programme to upgrade its track equipment, tramcars, operating system and haulage equipment. Today, the Peak Tram uses computer-controlled electric motors that automatically manage the tramcar speed, accelerating and braking accordingly at each of the tram stations.

 

The tramcar operating system is equipped with three separate braking systems: Normal Stop Mode, Service Stop Mode and Emergency Stop Mode. Normal Stop is achieved by allowing gentle deceleration which is controlled by the computer through the motors. Service Stop uses regulated braking, for a constant deceleration rate, to avoid a potential hazard in situations where it would be too late to use Normal Stop. If safety is endangered, the emergency stop is used to stop the tramcar in the shortest possible time by braking the haulage drum at full force. A fourth braking system is installed on the tramcars themselves, to provide an extra layer of safety.

 

• 
• 

 

Two haulage ropes are used which have a diameter of 50.5 millimetres, can hold the 55 tonnes tramcar weight and have a safety factor that reaches 8 times. The steepest part of the route, where the tracks pass below May Road, is 25.7 degrees to the horizontal. The track is 1,278 metres long and the tramcar takes approximately 6 minutes to complete a one-way trip. The tramcar carries up to 210 passengers: 167 seated and 43 standing. The unique waveform floor is specially designed for the safety and comfort of standing passengers. 

 

The latest Peak Tram upgrade project was completed in August 2022. The project included the replacement of all haulage, control and signalling systems, new tramcars, new track rails and strengthened foundations, and significantly refurbished termini with enhanced queuing capacity, and to provide a fully redesigned and vastly improved passenger experience. 

 

The 6th generation Peak Tram has been painted in a bespoke “Peak Tram Green”, in a nod to its heritage and earlier 3rd and 4th generation tramcars, which were in service from 1948-1959 and 1957-1989 respectively.

 

Manufactured in Switzerland by Garaventa, CWA and Frey, the new Peak Tram has increased its capacity by 75% and is able to carry 210 passengers compared to 120 previously, with wider doors and step-free access for persons with a disability and larger panoramic windows for enhanced views of Hong Kong’s stunning skyline. The Peak Tram has been meticulously designed as a modern classic to preserve the heritage of previous generations.

 

Overview:

 

•Double reversible funicular system
•Central Terminus - 33 metres above sea level
•The Peak Terminus - 396 metres above sea level
•Length of Track - 1,278 metres
•Track Gradient - From 4 degrees to 25.7 degrees
•Tram Capacity – 210 passengers (167 Seats & 43 Standing)